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Hallucinations

PDF Download Hallucinations

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Have you ever seen something that wasn't really there? Heard someone call your name in an empty house? Sensed someone following you and turned around to find nothing?

Hallucinations don't belong wholly to the insane. Much more commonly, they are linked to sensory deprivation, intoxication, illness, or injury. People with migraines may see shimmering arcs of light or tiny, Lilliputian figures of animals and people. People with failing eyesight, paradoxically, may become immersed in a hallucinatory visual world. Hallucinations can be brought on by a simple fever or even the act of waking or falling asleep, when people have visions ranging from luminous blobs of color to beautifully detailed faces or terrifying ogres. Those who are bereaved may receive comforting "visits" from the departed. In some conditions, hallucinations can lead to religious epiphanies or even the feeling of leaving one's own body.

Humans have always sought such life-changing visions, and for thousands of years have used hallucinogenic compounds to achieve them. As a young doctor in California in the 1960s, Oliver Sacks had both a personal and a professional interest in psychedelics. These, along with his early migraine experiences, launched a lifelong investigation into the varieties of hallucinatory experience.

Here, with his usual elegance, curiosity, and compassion, Dr. Sacks weaves together stories of his patients and of his own mind-altering experiences to illuminate what hallucinations tell us about the organization and structure of our brains, how they have influenced every culture's folklore and art, and why the potential for hallucination is present in us all, a vital part of the human condition.

Permissions Acknowledgments

Grateful acknowledgment is made to the following for permission to reprint previously published material:

American Academy of Neurology: Excerpt from "Anton's Syndrome Accompanying Withdrawal Hallucinosis in a Blind Alcoholic" by Barbara E. Swartz and John C. M. Brust from Neurology 34 (1984). Used by permission of the American Academy of Neurology.

American Psychiatric Publishing: Excerpt from "Weir Mitchell's Visual Hallucinations as a Grief Reaction" by Jerome S. Schneck, M.D., from American Journal of Psychiatry, copyright 1989. Used by permission of American Psychiatric Publishing.

BMJ Publishing Group Ltd.: Excerpt from "Heautoscopy, Epilepsy and Suicide" by P. Brugger, R. Agosti, M. Regard, H. G. Wieser and T. Landis from Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, July 1, 1994. Used by permission of BMJ Publishing Group Ltd.

Canadian Psychological Association: Excerpt from "Effects of Decreased Variation of the Sensory Environment" by W. H. Bexton, W. Heron and T. H. Scott from Canadian Psychology (1954). Copyright 1954 by Canadian Psychological Association. Excerpt from "Perceptual Changes after Prolonged Sensory Isolation (Darkness and Silence)" by John P. Zubek, Dolores Pushkar, Wilma Sansom and J. Gowing from Canadian Psychology (1961). Copyright 1961 by Canadian Psychological Association.

Elsevier Limited: Excerpt from "Migraine: From Cappadocia to Queen Square" in Background to Migraine, edited by Robert Smith (London: William Heinemann, 1967). Used by permission of Elsevier Limited.

The New York Times: Excerpts from "Lifting, Lights, and Little People" by Siri Hustvedt from The New York Times Blog, February 17, 2008. Used by permission of The New York Times.

Oxford University Press: Excerpt from "Dostoiewski's Epilepsy" by T. Alajouanine from Brain, June 1, 1963. Used by permission of Oxford University Press.

Royal College of Psychiatrists: Excerpt from "Sudden Religious Conversion in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy" by Kenneth Dewhurst and A. W. Beard from British Journal of Psychiatry 117 (1970). Used by permission of the Royal College of Psychiatrists.

Vintage Books: Excerpts from Speak, Memory by Vladimir Nabokov, copyright 1947, 1948, 1949, 1950, 1951, 1967, copyright renewed 1994 by the Estate of Vladimir Nabokov. Used by permission of Vintage Books, a division of Random House, Inc.

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Audible Audiobook

Listening Length: 9 hours and 49 minutes

Program Type: Audiobook

Version: Unabridged

Publisher: Random House Audio

Audible.com Release Date: November 6, 2012

Language: English, English

ASIN: B009WW5GNI

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An eighty-four-year-old relative was very recently having a weeks-long hallucination in which she was seeing the devil standing in front of her. She was convinced that it meant she was going to Hell. The elderly Catholic had also loss her appetite and was barely sleeping. My wife and I, who live in another city and had long ago abandoned Christianity for a reality-based lifestyle, understood she was having a hallucination but did not know how severe it was. To complicate matters, our immediate family members, who do live near her and are still very religious, believed Satan HAD possessed her. To help her, they resorted to many prayer sessions in the relativeâ€™s living room. Naturally, their religious hootenannies did not have ole Beelzebub hightailing it back to Fire-and-Brimstone Central. Finally the eighty-four-year-old was admitted into the hospital for observation because she was threatening to hurt her husband as well as commit suicide. She was much too weak to pull off either task. Heck, pealing a banana wouldâ€™ve been a major accomplishment for her. The doctors eventually discovered she had a urinary tract infection. Once it was treated during a long stay at the hospital, her hallucination disappeared. The eight-four-year-old does not remember much of what occurred during her plight and the relatives still maintain that Satan had taken time out of his busy day to possess their relative. I guess if youâ€™re selected from the over seven-billion people on Earth for Mr. Horns-n-Hooves extended time and attention, itâ€™s kind of flattering. I was shocked that the infection could raise such havoc to a personâ€™s system. It was why I decided to read Dr. Sackâ€™s â€˜Hallucinations.â€™ The authorâ€™s book helped to clarify a lot about the condition and then some.Dr. Sacks keeps his book firmly planted in scientific observation and speculation. He explains how hallucinations have given rise to art, folklore, religions, and how Western stigmatization of the condition has caused many people to think they are going nuckin futz. The author does a good job of removing the social fear associated with having hallucinations. It is mostly written in layman terms but having a dictionary handy was helpful for me when looking up a handful of words and medical terms. The book is full of personal as well as clinical episodes. Dr. Sacks covers such topics as Charles Bonnet syndrome, how sensory deprivation can be a trigger, olfactory hallucinations, Parkinsonâ€™s disease, psychoactive substances, migraines, epilepsy, delirium, near-sleep hallucinations, narcolepsy, Lewy body disease (the late Robin Williams was a victim of it), post-traumatic episodes, death-bed hallucinations, religious visions, seeing your doppelganger, out-of-body and near-death experiences, and phantom limb sensation for amputees. Dr. Sacks does not delve into the evolution hypotheses for why our body reacts in such ways. This could be that while they do understand how the brain is triggered to show hallucinations, there is still much to learn. He also presents matter-of-fact scientific explanations about people who believe theyâ€™ve had religious experiences. If you are a believer in such godly interventions, you ainâ€™t gonna like the authorâ€™s report.The late Dr. Sacks was a highly intelligent, inquisitive, gentle man. You will find no sarcasm or denigration inside â€˜Hallucinations.â€™ It is a thoughtful exploration of a very interesting field. The book ends quite abruptly and was disconcerting. Most nonfiction works I read have some sort of summation but not Dr. Sackâ€™s book. Despite that very minor complaint, â€˜Hallucinationsâ€™ is wonderful. I learned a lot from it and will certainly read other works by the guy. He makes learning fun and helps readers to feel more empathy for people with such episodes.

Hallucinations by Oliver Sacks"Hallucinations" is a fascinating book of what Dr. Sacks considers a natural history of anthology of hallucinations. It covers a wide variety of hallucinations through the eyes of those who have them and the impact it has on their lives. Dr. Sacks shares those vivid experiences with the readers but at times it can be overwhelming and hard to follow. This psychedelic 354-page includes the following fifteen chapters: 1. Silent Multitudes: Charles Bonnet Syndrome, 2. The Prisoner's Cinema: Sensory Deprivation, 3. A Few Nanograms of Wine: Hallucinatory Smells, 4. Hearing Things, 5. The Illusions of Parkinsonism, 6. Altered States, 7. Patterns: Visual Migraines, 8. The "Sacred" Disease, 9. Bisected: Hallucinations in the Half-Field, 10. Delirious, 11. On the Threshold of Sleep, 12. Narcolepsy of Night Hags, 13. The Haunted Mind, 14. Dopplegangers: Hallucinating Oneself, and 15. Phantoms, Shadows, and Sensory Ghosts.Positives:1. Engaging prose, well-researched book on a variety of hallucinations.2. Dr. Sacks is a master of his profession and a very accomplished author.3. A very good format. Each chapter covers a category of hallucination.4. A good introductory chapter that covers the essence of the book. "Hallucination is a unique and special category of consciousness and mental life".5. Full of first-hand accounts and historical accounts of hallucinations. The accounts vary from the common to the bizarre.6. Hallucinations among the blind. The Charles Bonnet Syndrome (CBS). "CBS hallucinations are often described as having dazzling, intense color or a fineness and richness of detail far beyond anything one sees with the eyes."7. The effects of sensory deprivation. "There is even a special term for the trains of brilliantly colored and varied hallucinations which come to console or torment those kept in isolation or darkness: `the prisoner's cinema.'"8. Hallucinations come in many forms including hallucinatory smells. "Hallucination of particularly vile smells is called cacosmia."9. Misconceptions. "In the popular imagination, though, hallucinatory voices are almost synonymous with schizophrenia--a great misconception, for most people who do hear voices are not schizophrenic."10. Interesting observations. "Music calls upon many more areas of the brain than any other activity--one reason why music therapy is useful for such a wide variety of conditions."11. Parkinson's disease as it relates to hallucinations. "...perhaps a third or more of those being treated for Parkinson's experienced hallucinations."12. Chemicals and altered states. "But drugs offer a shortcut; they promise transcendence on demand. These shortcuts are possible because certain chemicals can directly stimulate many complex brain functions."13. Migraine auras, who knew? "She explained that auras like mine were due to a sort of electrical disturbance like a wave passing across the visual parts of the brain."14. A fascinating look at "hyper-religiosity". "More than any other sort of seizure, ecstatic seizures may be felt as epiphanies or revelations of a deeper reality." A bonus quote of historical worth, "None of these is conclusive, but they do suggest, at least, that Joan of Arc may have had temporal lobe epilepsy with ecstatic auras."15. Some of the causes of hallucinations are discussed. "...even a "little" occipital lobe stroke can evoke striking, though transient, visual hallucinations."16. The impact of delirium. "Delirium may produce musical hallucinations." "Fevers are perhaps the commonest cause of delirium, but there may be a less obvious metabolic or toxic cause."17. A look at dreams. "Dreams come in episodes, not flashes; they have a continuity, a coherence, a narrative, a theme. One is a participant or a participant-observer in one's dreams, whereas with hypnagogia, one is merely a spectator." "The "mare" in "nightmare" originally referred to a demonic woman who suffocated sleepers by lying on their chests (she was called "Old Hag" in Newfoundland)." Great stuff!18. The trauma of war (severe stress). An important topic. "Such chronic traumatic encephalopathy, along with the psychological trauma of war and injury, has been linked to the rising incidence of suicide among veterans."19. Out of body experiences. "Out-of-body experiences may occur when specific regions of the brain are stimulated in the course of a seizure or a migraine, as well as with electrical stimulation of the cortex." "They may occur with drug experiences and in self-induced trances. OBEs can also occur when the brain is not receiving enough blood, as may happen if there is a cardiac arrest or arrhythmia, massive blood loss, or shock."20. Phantom limbs. Test this for yourself...very interesting. "Phantom limbs are hallucinations insofar as they are perceptions of something that has no existence in the outside world, but they are not quite comparable to hallucinations of sight and sound."21. Links and a very helpful bibliography.Negatives:1. This is a difficult book to follow at times. Part of it has to do with the complexity of the condition but I also feel that Dr. Sacks overwhelms the readers with psychedelic descriptions at a frenetic pace.2. This book is uneven in that that it describes the various types of hallucinations with a luxury of details (first-hand accounts) but the science though present is not as apparent. Granted this book is intended for the masses but I wanted to know more about the potential causes.3. This book warranted a table that summarized the different types of hallucinations and symptoms. It would have been very helpful.4. It's the type of book that after reading you are not really sure what you got out of it. Luckily, there are no tests.In summary, a bit overwhelming and frenetic at times but overall I enjoyed the book. It's the type of book that after reading you have a better understanding of the wide range of variety of hallucinations but you are not able to intelligently provide details on how they differ necessarily. It's an interesting book whose strengths reside in the first-hand description of a wide variety of hallucinations. The science behind the hallucinations though present lags the same attention. That being said, I recommend it!Further recommendations: "The Man Who Mistook His Wife For A Hat: And Other Clinical Tales" and "Musicophilia: Tales of Music and the Brain, Revised and Expanded Edition" by the same author, "Phantoms in the Brain: Probing the Mysteries of the Human Mind" and "The Tell-Tale Brain: A Neuroscientist's Quest for What Makes Us Human" by V.S. Ramachandran, "Dreamland: Adventures in the Strange Science of Sleep" by David K. Randall, "How the Mind Works" by Steven Pinker, "Predictably Irrational, Revised and Expanded Edition: The Hidden Forces That Shape Our Decisions" by Dan Ariely, "Incognito: The Secret Lives of the Brain" by David Eagleman, "Mistakes Were Made (but not by me)" by Carol Tavris and Elliot Aronson, "Paranormality: Why we see what isn't there" by Richard Wiseman, "The Believing Brain: From Ghosts and Gods to Politics and Conspiracies---How We Construct Beliefs and Reinforce Them as Truths by Shermer, Michael unknown Edition [Hardcover(2011)]" by Michael Shermer, and "Subliminal: How Your Unconscious Mind Rules Your Behavior (Vintage)" by Leonard Mlodinow.

Many people think hallucinations only happen to people with schizophrenia and other psychological disorders. In truth, hallucinations occur in 'healthy' minds, as well. With this book, Oliver Sacks provides data on diseases that can cause hallucinations, such as Parkinson's and migraines. He also talks about a variety of other causes, such as sleep deprivation and medications. Through it all, he shares anecdotes from history, his patients, and his own life.I found the subject fascinating. Sacks, a neurologist, has spent much of his life researching the mind and, in these pages, he shares some of what he has learned along the way. The language used is easy to understand. Medical terms are clarified and explained. The average person should have no problem reading this.While I did find the examples interesting, after a while it all became a bit repetitive. Information was often repeated in various chapters. And the book didn't have much of a conclusion. Despite that, I'd recommend the book to everyone. What you'll learn is well worth the time you'll spend reading.

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